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In 1135-40, abbas Sancti Augustini was supposedly granted, by Stephen, a Royal licence to crenellate Sancti Augustini (St Augustine's Abbey)

The wording of this licence is;

"Stephanus rex Anglorum justic(ie) et baronibus de Chent salutem. Concedo quod abbas Sancti Augustini faciat chernellos super murum ecclesie sue, ita tamen quod murum illum non elevet plus quam modo est, preter solos chernellos. Teste ep||(iscop)o S(an)c(ti) David. Apud Oxon(iam), per W....Oxon."

Granted at Oxford,

Although this document has been considered by some as a licence to crenellate the current opinion rejects this as a licence to crenellate.


In the cartulary's chronological table (p. 33) this is dated 1137. Neither Bernard (d. 1148) nor David bishop of St. David's witnessed for Stephen after 1140. The contents and the form of the witness list, however, suggest a forgery of much later date. In 1979 Coulson accepted this as a 'genuine' though of c. 1154-1216 but by 1994 considered it 'spurious'.


Original source is

(In fact, the original source given is usually a transcription/translation of what are precious medieval documents not readily availably. It should be noted that these transcription/translations often date to the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries and that unwitting bias of transcribers may affect the translation. Care should also be taken to avoid giving modern meaning to the medieval use of certain stock words and terms.)


Significant later source are;


More details about licences to crenellate can be found here.

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This record last updated on Wednesday, December 6, 2006

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